C++ Variable Scope

🔍 C++ Variable Scope

Variable scope defines where a variable can be accessed or used in a C++ program.
Understanding scope is essential to avoid errors and write clean, predictable code.

🔹 1. Types of Variable Scope in C++

  1. Local Scope

  2. Global Scope

  3. Block Scope

  4. Function Parameter Scope

  5. Static Scope

🔹 2. Local Scope

A variable declared inside a function is local to that function.

void show() {
int x = 10; // local variable
cout << x;
}int main() {
show();
// cout << x; // ❌ error: x not accessible
}

✔ Exists only inside the function

🔹 3. Global Scope

A variable declared outside all functions is global.

int count = 5; // global variable

void show() {
cout << count;
}

int main() {
show();
cout << count;
}

⚠️ Use carefully (can cause bugs).

🔹 4. Block Scope

A variable declared inside {} is limited to that block.

int main() {
if (true) {
int x = 10; // block scope
cout << x;
}
// cout << x; // ❌ error
}

🔹 5. Function Parameter Scope

Function parameters act as local variables.

void add(int a, int b) {
cout << a + b;
}

➡ a and b exist only inside add().

🔹 6. Local vs Global Variable with Same Name

int x = 5; // global

int main() {
int x = 10; // local
cout << x; // 10
}

✔ Local variable hides the global variable.

🔹 7. Scope Resolution Operator (::)

Used to access a global variable when a local variable has the same name.

int x = 5;

int main() {
int x = 10;
cout << ::x; // 5 (global)
}

🔹 8. Static Variable Scope

A static variable:

  • Retains its value between function calls

  • Scope is local, lifetime is global

void counter() {
static int count = 0;
count++;
cout << count << endl;
}int main() {
counter(); // 1
counter(); // 2
}

🔹 9. Loop Variable Scope

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
cout << i << " ";
}
// i is NOT accessible here

🔹 10. Best Practices

  • Prefer local variables

  • Avoid unnecessary global variables

  • Use meaningful variable names

  • Limit variable scope as much as possible

❌ Common Mistakes

if (true)
int x = 10; // ❌ invalid without braces

🔁 Summary

Scope Type Where Accessible
Local Inside function
Global Entire program
Block Inside {}
Parameter Inside function
Static Local scope, persistent value

📌 Final Notes

  • Scope controls visibility, not lifetime

  • Lifetime and scope are different concepts

  • Proper scoping improves code safety

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